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Tuomo Mannermaa
Tuomo Mannermaa (b. 29 September 1937 Oulu, Finland; d. 19 January 2015 Espoo, Finland) was professor emeritus of ecumenical theology at University of Helsinki. He is known especially for his theological criticism of the Leuenberg Concord and his research on the relationship between justification and theosis in the theology of Martin Luther. His initiating and furthering this research caused him to be regarded as the father of "The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther" or "the Finnish School of Tuomo Mannermaa".
==Finnish School==
Mannermaa led the development of "The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther" that presents Luther's views on salvation in terms much closer to the Eastern Orthodox doctrine of theosis rather than established interpretations of German Luther scholarship.〔Dorman, Ted. (Review of "Union With Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther" ). ''First Things'', 1999. 〕 This research has recently been presented in English in an anthology of papers edited by Carl E. Braaten and Robert W. Jenson in a work entitled, ''Union with Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther''. Mannermaa states, "the external impulse for this new wave of Luther studies in Helsinki came surprisingly from outside the boundaries of Luther research. It came from the ecumenical dialogue between the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland and the Russian Orthodox Church that was initiated by Archbishop Martti Simojoki at the beginning of the nineteen-seventies."〔Tuomo Mannermaa, "Why Is Luther So Fascinating? Modern Finnish Luther Research," ''Union with Christ'', (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), 1.〕
The New Finnish Interpretation has been challenged because it downplays Luther's roots in key theological developments in Western Christendom, and it characterizes Luther's teaching on Justification as based on Jesus's righteousness which indwells the believer rather than Jesus's righteousness as imputed to the believer.〔William Wallace Schumacher, "'Who Do I Say That You Are?' Anthropology and the Theology of ''Theosis'' in the Finnish School of Tuomo Mannermaa" (Ph.D. diss., Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri, 2003), 260 ''et passim''. Cf. also the papers that constitute ''Union with Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther'' by various authors; cf. also Robert Kolb and Charles P. Arand, ''The Genius of Luther's Theology: A Wittenberg Way of Thinking for the Contemporary Church'', (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2008), 48: "These views ignore the radically different metaphysical base of Luther's understanding and that of the Eastern church, and they ignore Luther's understanding of the dynamic, re-creative nature of God's Word."〕
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